Protozoan parasites cause serious human and zoonotic 
infections, including life-threatening diseases such as 
malaria, African and American trypanosomiasis and 
Leishmaniasis. According to World health organization 
evaluation, these diseases are no more common in the 
developed world, but together they threaten about 40% of the 
world population. Mortality and morbidity are elevated in 
developing countries, and lack of vaccines makes 
chemotherapy the only option. However, available anti
parasitic drugs are hampered by more or less marked toxic 
side effects and by the emergence of drug resistance. Among 
all protozoan diseases, Leishmaniasis is prevalent and is one 
of the most neglected tropical diseases in terms of drug 
discovery and development. Recent improvements have been 
accomplished by combination of nanoparticle mediated 
therapy. The use of nanoparticulate system for the delivery of 
therapeutic agents is receiving considerable attention for 
medical and pharmaceutical applications. The establishment 
of new approaches related to nanoparticle technology 
allowed the identification of new molecular targets that in 
some cases are shared by different parasites.  In this article, 
we summarize the nanotechnology based current 
development in the leishmaniasis disease which can cross 
host or parasite natural barriers and, by selectively delivering 
new or already in use drugs to the target site, minimize