Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature and have the ability to 
survive in severe conditions of low temperature, high 
pressure and often changing osmotic environment. However, 
mechanisms of survival of bacteria in extreme environments 
are still not completely understood. Low temperature 
adaptation in bacteria is initiated by its abilities to sense the 
change in environmental temperature and transduce the 
signal to regulate the expression of required genes for 
survival. Adaptation at low temperature involves several 
strategies such as increase in membrane fluidity, decrease in 
activation energy for enzyme activity, production of cold 
shock chaperones, induction of cold inducible genes, 
inhibition of the cold denaturation of protein and by 
enhancing 
the
translation. This 
 efficiency of
review 
highlights
 transcription and 
 the
mechanisms of cold adaptation in bacteria.