Aim: We hypothesized that sex differences relative to the 
pro-inflammatory and endothelial markers may exist and 
play a role in the higher CVD mortality of women with 
End-Stage Renal Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 
Methods: 15 subjects (average age of 54 ± 9 years, 8 
females and 7 males) on Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) were 
enrolled. Evaluation of Endothelial Function (EF) was 
done by Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI). Serum levels 
of EF biomarkers: Endo Thelin (ET) 1, Plasminogen 
Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), soluble Vascular Adhesion 
Molecule 1 (sVCAM) and soluble Inter Cellular 
Adhesion Molecule 1 (sICAM); and inflammatory 
markers: Inter Leukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, Tumor Necrosis 
Factor alpha (TNF-α) and C- Reactive Protein (CRP) 
were measured. A non-parametric Wilcoxon test was 
performed for all the study parameters. 
Conclusion: The combined increase of IL-1β and ET1 
found in the females of this study population reflects 
significant sex difference in the expression of these 
inflammatory markers that may actually be responsible 
for the increase in CVD mortality among diabetic 
females with ESRD on PD. Larger scale studies are 
warranted to confirm this conclusion that may guide 
future studies to control CVD mortality.