The long-term fertility experiments is an important management strategy for monitors the changes of yield productivity and nutrient use efficiencies and will help to evaluate the sustainability of cropping pattern as well as soil nutrient content. Many short-term fertilizers were established for intensive irrigated rice cropping in Bangladesh to determine the yield productivity and nutrient use efficiencies, but more focus have not given to long term experiments. The objectives of the present study was to examine the long-term effects of chemical fertilization (23yrs) on yield productivity and nutrient use efficiency under the double rice cropping system in Bangladesh. The experiment was established in 1985, contain four different fertilizer treatments (NPK, PK, NK, NP) with four replication and rice was grown two times per year (Wet & dry season). Our results indicated that the average yield productivity was 4.22 and 4.99 Mg ha-1 for each year under NPK treatment in wet and dry season. The N, P, and K fertilization significantly increased rice productivity than that of obsession of N, P and K fertilization, which was more apparent in dry season than wet season. Inspite, mean grain yield in NPK treatment was 18-6-15% and 47-15- 23% higher in wet and dry season than PK, NK and NP treatments, respectively. But the NPK fertilization with long time yield productivity was declined. However, agronomy efficiencies of N, P and K were 18, 6 and 15%, in wet season and 48, 15 and 23%, in dry season, respectively. Mean recovery crop efficiencies were 58-4138% and 83-73-37% during wet and dry season in case of which treatments. Therefore, it suggests that the recommended chemical fertilizer compared with other management practices can be considered as one of the important strategy for enhancing crop productivity and sustain soil properties in double rice cropping system under long-term period.