The long-term fertility experiments is an important management strategy for monitors the changes of yield productivity and nutrient use efficiencies and will help to evaluate the sustainability of cropping pattern as well as soil nutrient content. Many short-term fertilizers were established for intensive irrigated rice cropping in Bangladesh to determine the yield productivity and nutrient use efficiencies, but more focus have not given to long term experiments. The objectives of the present study was to examine the long-term effects of chemical fertilization (23yrs) on yield productivity and nutrient use efficiency under the double rice cropping system in Bangladesh. The experiment was established in 1985, contain four different fertilizer treatments (NPK, PK, NK, NP) with four replication and rice was grown two times per year (Wet & dry season). Our results indicated that the average yield productivity was 4.22 and 4.99 Mg ha-1 for each year under NPK treatment in wet and dry season. The N, P, and K fertilization significantly increased rice productivity than that of obsession of N, P and K fertilization, which was more apparent in dry season than wet season. Inspite, mean grain yield in NPK treatment was 18-6-15% and 47-15- 23% higher in wet and dry season than PK, NK and NP treatments, respectively. But the NPK fertilization with long time yield productivity was declined. However, agronomy efficiencies of N, P and K were 18, 6 and 15%, in wet season and 48, 15 and 23%, in dry season, respectively. Mean recovery crop efficiencies were 58-4138% and 83-73-37% during wet and dry season in case of which treatments. Therefore, it suggests that the recommended chemical fertilizer compared with other management practices can be considered as one of the important strategy for enhancing crop productivity and sustain soil properties in double rice cropping system under long-term period. 

Background: Community acquired Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is more common in developing countries as compared to developed countries. Understanding of the epidemiology of community acquired AKI and its outcome with etiology and management is necessary to establish its overall burden and plan potential preventive strategies. 

Methods: All cases with community acquired AKI irrespective of manifestation and etiology were admitted for the study over a period of one year. All biochemical and hematological parameters were done by standard protocol as provided in the kit. After categorization, patients were followed up till their outcome in the form of improvement or deterioration/expiry. 

Results: Among different etiological types, septicemia was the most common type (39.1%) followed by malaria (38.0%), snake bite (11.9%) and volume depletion (10.9%). Among septicemia, post-partum sepsis and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) were most common. Male predominance was significantly associated with malaria and snake bite whereas septicemia was significantly associated with female. Majority of the patients (69.6%) were managed conservatively while 30.4% required hemodialysis. Good outcome was seen in 74.4% cases 
while 25.6% showed bad outcome.

Conclusion: Outcome can be improved by early referral and proper management of the patients and thus preventing them from landing into irreversible renal damage. Most patients improve on conservative management and only a few patients require hemodialysis. 

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield productivity over time under fixed management condition is a severe concern for countries like Bangladesh, where rice is the staple food for the human being. Long term fertilization experiment was conducted during 1985-2007 on Chhiata clay loam soil (Hyperthermic Vertic Endoaquept) in Bangladesh, to determine the effect of native soil nutrient and chemical fertilization on rice productivity in dry and wet condition during long-term basis (23 years) and this phenomenon is not well studied before. This study showed that the mean grain yield of rice was decreased with time pass in all treated plots due to deficiency in native soil nutrient supply whereas, in the first three years it was not affected in both season. In the dry season the rice productivity was 64%and 36% of native soil nutrient and chemical fertilizer contribution respectively, up to seven years and after that the native soil nutrient contribution to augment the rice productivity was decreased whereas, fertilizer contribution was increased up to23 years. In the wet season for all year (1-23 years) native soil nutrient and fertilizer contribution were 70% and 30% respectively, for rice production. Our results states that mean yield production from 1st to7thyearwas similar in both season but after 23 years it was found significantly different under fixed fertilizer management. In case of the dry season, native soil nutrients were key factors in rice productivity up to 7 years, but no significant change was observed in case of wet season under fixed fertilizer management. Therefore, it could be concluded that after 7 years, the dry season must be changed from fixed to flexible chemical fertilizer management.

Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) are rare congenital diseases. It arises due to a defect of single genes that code for enzymes that helps to convert substrates into their products by participating in certain metabolic pathway. IEM affects every organ, from the fetus to geriatric life. Majority of IEM are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The frequency for each individual disease is decided by the geographical and ethnic composition of the population. The incidence of IEM varies from community to ethnicity to religion to location. Any patient with unexplained neurological condition should be considered for an underlying IEM. Newer scientific technologies have to be converted into diagnostic and therapeutic use which can offer enormous benefit to patients suffering from IEM, and preventing life-long burden and suffering. The overall aim should be to diagnose IEM early in life in order to prevent neurological damage and loss of life.